Creating And Sustain Effective Organizational Culture...

NorthSouth University Course Name: Management and Organization Behavior Course code: BUS520 Sec: 04 Topic: Creating and sustain effective organizational culture enhance employee performance in Bangladeshi Organization Submitted To: Professor M. Khasro MIAH Ph.D Submitted by: Najwa Akand ID: 161-1949-660 Introduction Culture is something like behavioral rules which are unwritten and unspoken that is produced when group of people comes at a place to work together. Culture is created by the attitude, the values, beliefs and important assumptions as well as performance and activities shared by a group of people. Organizational culture is made up of every sort of experiences that all employee brings to the work place. Organization culture is particularly introduced by the organization s founder, executives, and other managerial staff because of their role in decision making and strategic direction. The pattern of an organizational culture can be seen at their daily work. The way one walks through their work area, meeting in an office, joining group discussions, or taking food in food area, everything is covered by organization’s culture and it facilitates employees working life. Organization culture is explained by: way of talking, language, sings and symbols, working activities, reference of senior idol employees, decision making and many more.. â€Å"Culture is how organizations ‘do things’.† said by Robbie Katanga. Culture is consistent, noticeable models of activitiesShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization1250 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization to build and maintain the relation between the employee and the organization in order to meet business objectives and employee expectations. The process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Human resource management is the governance of an organization s employee. HRM is sometimes referred to simply as human resource. HRM is the process of recruitment, selection of employee, providing proper orientation and induction providing properRead MoreOtago Museum Bsc Analysis Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis and design of the Comprehensive Balance Scorecard (BSC) for a non-profit, award-winning, and highly progressive with an outstanding broad-based collection, Otago Museum. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is an example of a performance measurement system. The newly created performance measurement system incorporates four different dimensions, such as Financial, Community / Customer Perspective, Internal Business, and Learning / Innovation and Growth, in an effort to achieve goal congruence within an organizationRead MoreThe Leadership Journey Of Ronda Harlan1535 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to a Leadership Journey This paper outlines the leadership journey of Ronda Harlan; an Organizational Leadership student, at Colorado State University (CSU) and how the CSU Masters of Science in Organizational Leadership (MSOL) program helped Ronda to evaluate human behavior within organizations to understand ethical practices, effective leadership, organizational communication, and cogent decision-making principles. Ronda Harlan reflects how the master’s program at CSU aligned withRead MoreOrganizational Development And Employee Engagement1176 Words   |  5 Pagesengaging with the organization for an extended period. Many managers today don t understand why their ROI and delivery of a product is not productive efficiency. It all points back to organizational development and employee engagement. How do we stop what was happening and get the department moving toward organizational success? We need some innovation to address the issues. A strategic HR tool that the department uses is corporate devel opment. We begin with developing a team of leaders selected andRead MoreCompetitive Advantage And Stress Of Organizational Health1459 Words   |  6 Pages Competitive Advantage and Stress Organizational health means profit; therefore, to gain profits organizations must secure and grow their competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is the means of strategically differentiating products and/or services an organization from its competitors, such as branding, customer base, product quality, reputation, leadership, organizational culture, innovation, intellectual property, patents, leadership, and customer or governmental relationships, to reduceRead MoreThe Role and Responsibility of Company Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture1712 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to (Organic Workspaces, n. d) an organization’s culture refers to the observable, powerful forces in any organization, usually constituted by the employees’ shared values, beliefs, symbols, and behaviors. The organizational culture ideally influences its decisions and actions (Tharp, n. d). (Watkins, 2013) also defines organizational culture as a consistent and observable pattern of b ehavior in organizations. An organization’s culture channelizes individual decisions and actions at a subconsciousRead MoreA Quantitative Analysis Of Performance Management Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesLearning and Development: A quantitative analysis of performance management as it relates to employees. Introduction In the current dynamic global market, corporations are tasked with meeting the challenges of staying competitive, relevant and profitable. As the demands of innovations begin to move at a quicker pace, many corporations find themselves looking for answers to address the needs of the business with regards to overall performance health. Companies have turned to learning and developmentRead MoreImplementing The Plan And New Change888 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is set out to do† (p. 21). Moreover, by providing employees with training and incentives, the entire problem solving process will encourage a smooth transition. Through training individuals on the new policies and procedures of the change, employee can become directly involved with the change, thereby giving them the knowledge and skills they need to adapt. In addition, providing both monetary and nonmonetary incentives, organizations can reduce resistance and motivate individuals to help inRead MoreThe Importance Of Manag ement And Managerial Theories1312 Words   |  6 Pagestheir effectiveness within an organizational environment. Organizations apply different strategies to assist in creating an identity that can ensure sustainability and growth. This critical thinking exercise will analyze my current organizations approach to management while identifying similarities and difference to historical approaches. Effective leadership should understand how the nuances of management have an impact on their followers and desired organizational results. Different leadershipsRead MoreEmployee Training Plan For Employees1716 Words   |  7 Pages Employee Training Plan Executive Summary ï‚ § The Employee Training Plan creates a strategy to provide employee-training resources with its organizational priorities. ï‚ § This plan establishes a standardized plan to meeting the training needs for all employee in the organization. ï‚ § Training is linked to the mission, goals and outcomes of organization. It is developed in partnership with the stakeholders and CEO’s requesting the training. ï‚ § There is a shared delivery system consisting of facilities

Alcoholism And Alcohol And Alcoholic Products Essay

Introduction: Alcoholism is defined as the addiction of an individual to alcohol and alcoholic products. It affects the individual’s health, personal relationships, and social life. In medical terms, it is considered as highly chronic, psychiatric disease which damages almost every organ in the body. Individual who remains preoccupied with alcohol is called as an alcoholic. It is the major problem in New Zealand. The excessive use of alcohol puts various effects on the nation. These effects are on the health of an individual, affecting his whanau, persons of all ages and consequently the whole nation Alcoholism in New Zealand: According to data collected by Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Agency, New Zealand, it is proved that kiwis are facing a huge problem of alcoholism which is affecting them at physical, mental, economic and social level. There are various statistics available for New Zealand: †¢ In 2009, a study was conducted according to standards set by WHO, which revealed that harmful alcohol use costs New Zealand $4.9 billion in 2005/06 (Berl 2009). †¢ Average, 600 - 800 people in New Zealand have been assessed to die each year from alcohol-related reasons (Berl 2009; Connor et al, 2013). †¢ In New Zealand, a 52% male died due to alcohol and 25% of females deaths are caused due to injuries by accidents due to alcohol. (Connor et al, 2013). †¢ In New Zealand, problems caused due to alcohol constitute 3.9% of the whole problems nationwide. (Ministry ofShow MoreRelatedWhat Is the Appeal of Alcohol?1662 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is one of the most abused drugs in the world. Why do people use alcohol in the first place? Many people do experience a relaxed feeling known as a â€Å"buzz,† after having alcohol. They only focus on the pleasurable feeling the alcohol bestows on them. Each person has a different reason for drinking alcohol. Most people want to have an enjoyable time with others and drink. Others may drink to escape stress caused by a tough day in the office or being laid off from the company. Alcoholic parentsRead MoreDriving Behavior That Makes Alcohol Consumption So Dangerous?1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the specific deficit in driving behavior that makes alcohol consumption so dangerous? Alcohol consumption can cause impairment while operating machinery or driving. Alcohol has be proven to affect two specifics part of the brain. The prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. The prefrontal cortex is the center of attention while the hippocampus is the center of learning and memorization. While driving under the influence of alcohol, our attention (which is controlled by the prefrontal cortex)Read More Media Essay - It’s Time to Ban the Advertising of Alcoholic Beverages1322 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Essay - It’s Time to Ban the Advertising of Alcoholic Beverages Everywhere we go, were bombarded by all sorts of advertisements. We can seldom go through one day without receiving at least one phone call from a telemarketer. Turn on the TV for 15 or 20 minutes and youll see at least one 5-minute commercial break. Advertisements are abundant everywhere we go: alongside roads, at airports, and at train stations. Why is advertising so popular, why do so many companies pump millions of dollarsRead MoreSoc 203 social problems1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Alcoholism: A Social Problem I. Introduction Alcoholism is a major social problem that not only has an impact on the life of an alcoholic, but family members as well as society. Alcoholism is the third most common mental illness that affects more than 17 million people in the United States according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse. Alcoholism does not discriminate against age, race nor gender. II. Scope Alcoholism is defined as a disorderRead MoreChildhood Alcoholism And The Effect Of The 12 Step Program For Alcoholics Anonymous As A Form Of Treatment1147 Words   |  5 Pages4470 June 5, 2015 Research Paper Alcoholism is a growing problem in the United States. It can, and oftentimes does, result in illnesses and deaths. â€Å"Alcohol is the world’s third largest risk factor for disease and contributes to 4 [percent] of the global burden of disease† (Marshall, 2014). In relation to alcoholism, specifically adolescent alcoholism is a growing concern in the United States. The age at which young people are starting to experiment with alcohol is younger than ever. 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Being the number one drug problem in the U.S with over 12 million people reportedly being alcoholics and of those 7 million b eing binge drinkers between the ages 12-20, it comesRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On Underage Drinkers998 Words   |  4 Pagessophomores, and 23 percent of seniors report recent binge drinking† (Karen Bellenir 65). Alcoholism continues to ruin the lives of underage drinkers; alcoholics in general are walking billboards to major companies that advertise their products, especially underage drinkers that in the process they mess up their lives, and make alcohol companies wealthier. Crimes, violence, and homicides are a result of alcoholism side effects taking over the lives of those who fall under the spell. 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Appropriate Uses of VITAMIN C

Question: Write an article on the appropriate uses of VITAMIN C and how it could be used for general health conditions? Answer: Vitamin C or the ascorbic acid is an organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a naturally occurring material. Vitamin C is water soluble and considered as the most important element for cell growth and development. As vitamin C is water soluble, the extra amount of vitamin excretes through urine, therefore vitamin C should be supplemented continuously through dietary supplements (Wardle Sarris, 2010). Vitamin C is required for cellular growth and it repairs damaged tissues inside the human system. Vitamin C helps to structure proteins that form blood vessels, ligaments, tendons and skin. Vitamin C reforms and maintains teeth, bones and cartilages. So, it can be said that vitamin C plays a significant role in collagen formation, iron absorption, antioxidant function and infection fighting. Other functions may include production of important elements inside the human system, for example: neurotransmitters that are considered as endogenous chemicals and transmit signals thro ugh synapse from one nerve cell to another. Vitamin C is considered as antioxidant that block damages brought about by free radicals. Free radicals are dangerous for the human system and may contribute to conditions like arthritis, cancer, heart disease. Free radicals are generally produced when the system digests food or when individuals are exposed to radiation or tobacco. These free radicals are responsible for aging process. Human system is incapable to produce vitamin C by itself and does not even store it. Hence, it should be supplemented daily with diet. Foods which are enriched with vitamin C might develop the defense mechanism of the human system (Hechtman, 2011). Guava, gooseberry, watermelon, cantaloupe, orange, grapefruit, kiwi fruit, papaya, mango, pineapple, raspberries, strawberries contain high amount of vitamin C. Some vitamin C enriched vegetable sources are cauliflower, tomatoes, cabbage, spinach, leafy green vegetables, winter squash, peppers, sprouts, broccoli, and sweet potatoes and many more (Braun Cohen, 2010). Severe vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy. Indications of scurvy may include continuous bleeding, anemia, gum bleeding, poor immunity, reduced power of wound healing, splitting and dry hair, gingivitis, nosebleeds, slowed metabolism, scaly skin, faded tooth enamel, muscle and joint pain and easy bruising (Better Health Channel, 2015). Almost 90% of vitamin C comes from vegetables and fruits in human diet. Cooking reduces vitamin C content by almost 30-40%. The daily consumption of vitamin C through diet depends upon the sex and age. The RDA or Recommended Dietary Allowance has set certain amounts for infants, children, adolescents and adults. For infants of 0-6months should intake 40mgs/day and 7-12months should intake 50mgs/day (Nlm.nih.gov, 2015). Children from 1-3years of age should consume 15mgs/day, 4-8years should include 25mgs/day, 9-13years should include 45mgs/day. Girls of 14-18years of age should intake 65mgs/day, pregnant females should intake 80mgs/day, breastfeeding mothers should intake 115mgs/day and boys of 14-18years of age should intake 75mgs/day (Nlm.nih.gov, 2015). Active and passive smokers should increase their vitamin C consumption extra 35mgs/day. Inadequate diet leads to vitamin C deficiency. The requirement for nutritional vitamin C is augmented by inflammatory disorders, such as: diarrheal disorders, febrile illnesses, hyperthyroidism, smoking, heat or cold stress, iron deficiency, burns, protein deficiency and surgery. Due to the deficient condition of vitamin C, construction of intercellular adhesive substances in bones, dentin and connective tissues become defective. This can result in damaged capillary formations along with hemorrhages, bone defects and deformations in associated structures. The formation of bone tissues becomes weakened among the children, which causes lesion formations in bones and poor growth of bones. Fibrous tissues get enlarged that forms between co stochondral junctions, epiphysis and the diaphysis (Foolen, van Donkelaar, Huiskes Ito, 2008). Tightly calcified cartilage fragments are integrated within the fibrous tissue. Subperiosteal hemorrhages can take place within children and adults because of small fractures. Diagnoses of scurvy include medical history, physical examination, dietary habit, blood test to analyze iron and vitamin C levels and joint x-rays of ribs, knee and wrist. On the other hand excessive consumption of vitamin C can cause severe side effects. More than 2000mgs/day is not suggested as intake of vitamin C in such a huge amount can affect human body and can cause nausea, diarrhea and stomach upset. Excessive amount of vitamin C can also decrease the effect of some drugs, for example: blood thinning medicines. Overdose of vitamin C can also contribute to the condition of kidney stone formation. Therefore, proper and regular administration of vitamin C is very much important to maintain a healthy system. References Better Health Channel,. (2015).Scurvy - Better Health Channel. Retrieved 4 March 2015, from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Scurvy Braun, L., Cohen, M. (2010).Herbs and Natural Supplements Inkling. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Foolen, J., van Donkelaar, C., Huiskes, R., Ito, K. (2008). Fibrous tissues remodel to attain a preferred mechanical state.Matrix Biology,27, 27. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2008.09.290 Hechtman, L. (2011).Clinical naturopathic medicine. Sydney, Australia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier Australia. Nlm.nih.gov,. (2015).Vitamin C: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved 4 March 2015, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002404.htm Wardle, J., Sarris, J. (2010).Clinical naturopathy. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia.

THE LIFE OF HENRY FORD Essays - Antisemitism In The United States

THE LIFE OF HENRY FORD Henry Ford was born on July 30,1863, he was the first of William and Mary Ford's six children. He grew up on a good family farm in Dearborn,Michigan. Henry enjoyed his childhood spending his time like any other typical nineteenth century child , in a one room schoolhouse,and doing farm chores among other things. At an early age he showed an interest in mechanics and he started to dislike farm work. In 1879 , Ford was 16 and he left home for the nearby city of Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist, he did occasionally return to help on the farm . He remained an apprentice for three years and then returned to Dearborn. During the next few years Henry began operating or repairing steam engines,finding work in a Detroit factory at times. When he married Clara Bryant in 1888, Henry supported himself by running a sawmill. In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. After joining the Edison Illuminating Company it was clear to him that he wanted to didicate his life to making industrial pursuits. In 1893 his promition to Chief Engineer gave him enough money and time to make experiments on internal combustion engines. These experiments came together in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle the Quadricycle. The Quadricycle had four wheels that looked like heavy bicycle wheels, was steered with a tiller like a boat, and had only two forward speeds with no reverse. Ford was not the first to build a self-propelled vehicle with a gasoline engine, however he was one of the several automotive pioneers who helped this country become a nation of motorists. The Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with Henry Ford as vice-president and chief engineer. The company only produced a few cars a day at the ford factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit. Groups of two or three men worked on each car components made to order by other companies. Henry Ford realized his dream of producing an automobile thats was reasonably priced,reliable,and efficient in 1908 with the completion of the Model T automobile. It was easy to operate,maintain,and good handle on rough roads it immediately became a huge success. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. To meet the growing demand for the MOdel T, the company opened a large factory at Highland Park, Michigan , in 1910. Henry Ford combined precision manufacturing , standardized and interchangeable parts,a division of labor,and,in 1913, a continuous moving assembly line. Workers stayed in one place , adding one component to each automobile as it moved past them on the line. Delivery of part by converyor belt to the workers was carefully timed to keep the assembly line moving smoothly and efficiently. This was the first method of mass production ever to be used and it was smooth and efficient and it saved money. Henry Ford died April 7 1947 in 1945 his grandson Henry Ford the second took over the company and he retired in 1979 and died in 1980 . Henry Ford revolutionized the mechanical industry forever even though he was not the first man to make a gas propelled vehicle he made the concept of mass production which today is still used for many products which makes them more cheaper yet they are still efficient Henry Ford will go down in history books for genrations to come as the man who revolutionized the way the world traveled.

Life of John Rolfe, Husband of Pocahontas

Life of John Rolfe, Husband of Pocahontas John Rolfe (1585–1622) was a British colonist of the Americas. He was an important figure in Virginia politics and an entrepreneur who played a significant role in founding the Virginia tobacco trade. However, he is best known as the man who married Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, head of the Powhatan confederacy of Algonquin tribes.   Fast Facts: John Rolfe Known For: British colonist who married Pocahontas  Born: October 17, 1562 in Heacham, England  Died: March 1622 in Henrico, Virginia  Spouses Names: Sarah Hacker (m. 1608–1610), Pocahontas (m. 1614–1617), Jane Pierce (m. 1619)  Childrens Names: Thomas Rolfe (son of Pocahontas), Elizabeth Rolfe (daughter of Jane Pierce) Early Years Rolfe was born on Oct. 17, 1562 to a wealthy family in Heacham, England. His family owned Heacham manor and his father was a successful merchant in Lynn.   Not much is known about Rolfes education or life in England, but in July of 1609, he left for Virginia on the Sea-Venture, the flagship of several vessels carrying settlers and provisions and the first group of government officials to the new colony at Jamestown.   Shipwrecked in Bermuda Rolfe brought with him his first wife, Sarah Hacker. The Sea-Venture was wrecked in a storm on the Bermudas, but all the passengers survived and Rolfe and his wife stayed on Bermuda for eight months. There they had a daughter, who they named Bermuda, and- importantly for his future career- Rolfe may have obtained samples of West Indies tobacco.  Ã‚   Rolfe lost both his first wife and daughter in Bermuda.  Rolfe and the surviving shipwrecked passengers left Bermuda in 1610. When they arrived in May 1610, the Virginia colony had just suffered through the starving time, a grim period in early American history. Over the winter of 1609–1610, the colonists were beset by plague and yellow fever, and sieges by the local inhabitants. An estimated three-quarters of the English colonists of Virginia died of starvation or starvation-related diseases that winter.   Tobacco Between 1610 and 1613, Rolfe experimented with the native tobacco at his home in Henricus and succeeded in producing a leaf that was more pleasing to the British palate. His version was named the Orinoco, and it was developed from the combination of a local version and seeds from Trinidad that he had brought with him from Spain or perhaps obtained in Bermuda. He is also credited with inventing a curing process to prevent rot during the long sea voyage to England, as well as the dampness of the English climate.   By 1614, active exports of tobacco were being sent back to England, and  Rolfe is often credited as the first person to suggest cultivating tobacco as a cash crop in the Americas, the major source of income for Virginia for centuries to follow. Marrying Pocahontas Throughout this period, the Jamestown colony continued to suffer from an adversarial relationship with the Native American inhabitants, the Powhatan tribe. In 1613, Captain Samuel Argall kidnapped Powhatans favorite daughter, Pocahontas, and eventually, she was brought to Henricus.  There she received religious instruction from the settlements minister, Rev. Alexander Whitaker, and converted to Christianity, taking the name Rebecca. She also met John Rolfe.   Rolfe married her around April 5, 1614, after sending a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for permission to do so, for the good of the Plantation, the honor of our Country, for the Glory of God, for my own salvation, and for the Converting to the true knowledge of Jesus Christ an unbelieving Creature, namely Pocahontas.   A Temporary Peace After Rolfe married Pocahontas, relationships between the British settlers and Pocahontas tribe settled into a time of friendly commerce and trade. That freedom created opportunities to build up the colony as it had not seen before.   Pocahontas had a son, Thomas Rolfe, born in 1615, and on April 21, 1616, Rolfe and his family joined an expedition back to Britain to publicize the Virginia colony. In England, Pocahontas as the Lady Rebecca was received enthusiastically: among other events, she attended The Vision of Delight, a royal court masque written by Ben Jonson for King James I and his wife Queen Anne.   Return to Virginia In March of 1616, Rolfe and Pocahontas started for home, but she was ill and died aboard the ship before it left England. She was buried at Gravesend; their infant son, too ill to survive the voyage, was left behind to be raised by Rolfes brother Henry.   Before and after Rolfe returned to his estate in Henricus, he held several prominent positions in the Jamestown colony. He was named Secretary in 1614 and in 1617 held the office of Recorder General.  Ã‚   Death and Legacy In 1620, Rolfe married Jane Pierce, the daughter of Captain William Pierce, and they had a daughter named Elizabeth. In 1621, the Virginia colony began actively raising funds for the College of Henricus, a boarding school for young Native Americans to train them to become more English.   Rolfe grew ill in 1621, and he wrote a will, which was drawn up in Jamestown on March 10th of 1621. The will was eventually probated in London on May 21, 1630, and that copy has survived.   Rolfe died in 1622, a few weeks before the Great Indian Massacre of March 22, 1622, led by Pocahontass uncle Opechancanough. Nearly 350 of the British colonists were killed, ending the uneasy peace which had been established, and nearly putting an end to Jamestown itself. John Rolfe had a significant impact on the Jamestown colony in Virginia, in his marriage to Pocahontas which established an eight-year-long peace, and in the creation of a cash crop, tobacco, on which the fledgling colonies could use to survive economically.   Sources Carson, Jane. The Will of John Rolfe. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 58.1 (1950): 58–65. Print.Kramer, Michael Jude. The 1622 Powhatan Uprising and Its Impact on Anglo-Indian Relations. Illinois State University 2016. Print.Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Apathy and Death in Early Jamestown. The Journal of American History 66.1 (1979): 24–40. Print.Rolfe, Jo. Letter from John Rolfe to Sir Thos. Dale. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 22.2 (1914): 150–57. Print.Tratner, Michael. Translating Values: Mercantilism and the Many Biographies of Pocahontas. Biography 32.1 (2009): 128–36. Print.Vaughan, Alden T. Expulsion of the Salvages: English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622. The William and Mary Quarterly 35.1 (1978): 57–84. Print.

How Autocratic were the 18th c essays

How Autocratic were the 18th c essays How absolute were the 18th Century Tsars? When asking how absolute a monarch is, we need to pay attention to the groups of people that surround that monarch. The aristocracy, the church and the army all played an important part in the running of an 18th century state, and without the support of these powerful elites, it is arguable whether or not the monarch in question would have had the opportunity to be absolute at all. At the beginning of the 18th Century Tsar Peter the Great was in power and consolidating his reputation. Whilst growing up Peter had been greatly influenced by Western ideas and believed that success for Russia lay in opening up to the West. Peter was the first Tsar to venture into the west and was thus convinced of Russias backwardness. His strengths lay in foreign policy, and the expansion Russia experienced due to this. Peter introduced a number of reforms to Russia that were aimed at changing every aspect of life.The role of the nobility in Russia under Peter was enlarged and modernised, he stressed the importance of noble status wresting on indivual merit rather than hereditary nobility. Although a table of stamps was introduced older nobles whose families had been so for more than 100 years remained their hereditary titles. It must be remembered that Peter was reliant upon the nobility for their state service in administration and bureaucracy, and to provide military recrui ts. Under Peter, serfs were treated badly and were used as a fixed source of taxes for the state. Serfs also were recruited into the state army to keep up the supply of men. It was Peters decision to tie the peasants to the noble rather than the land, and this decision was made as a compensation for the nobles service to the state. This meant that the burden of taxation almost wholly fell upon the peasantry as nobility were exempt from paying taxes. By the end of Peters reign it could be considered that Russia was more absoluti...

Opportunity Cost of Going to College, Marginal Analysis Essay

Opportunity Cost of Going to College, Marginal Analysis - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that opportunity cost in economic terms is the cost of forgoing or sacrificing the consumption of one commodity or service in order to consume and derive utility from any other service or commodity. For computing opportunity cost of any commodity one has to take into account the next best substitute that has to be forgone or sacrificed. Under economies we generally compute opportunity cost in monetary terms. Considering the opportunity cost of going to college the next best alternative that can be sacrificed is the salary that an individual can get if he instead chooses a full time job. Such compromises are made each year. If the overall degree course the individual loses an annual salary of $80,000 in the three or four years. The commodities and services of opportunity cost for attending college are listed below: Monetary cost of college: Attending college require a minimum amount that has to be spent on food, clothing. Transportation costs: The student has to spend some amount of money each for attending. For the travelling expenses opportunity costs does not remain same and fluctuates frequently. This is because the student might choose not to attend college someday or he may choose to attend extra days than he usually does due to some extra class or some particular college meeting. Income through sports: If the student is an athlete he may earn huge through various tournaments. But such a job mostly requires the sportsman to travel a lot. In that case he may have to give up college. Clearly he has to choose between attending college and becoming a professional sportsperson (Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel and McPherson, 2009, p.29). Students dependent on parents: All the students attending college do not have to earn for their expenses. Sometimes students are dependent on their parents who take the responsibility of paying for all of their son’s or daughter’s expenses. In that case opportunity cost may be counted as zero (Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel and McPherson, 2009, p.29). Income in entertainment industries: Students who work as entertainers or pursue any other work in the entertainment industry have to spend a lot of time in the shoots or they may also have to travel abroad quite often. In that case too they have to choose between college and their work (Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel and McPherson, 2009, p.29). Missing T.V. shows: Attending college and pursuing a degree course also requires a student to study harder and appear for examinations. Thus in this respect the student would have less time for television and his favorite shows. In some cases while studying for college exams he might also have to miss out a big soccer match. Less leisure time: Attending college and then going for part time jobs- in this day to day busy schedule the student may not have any time left for leisure or spare time. Hence for attending college the student has to sacrifice leisure or any other activity that he used to perform during spare time. Higher Education: Attending colleges the student gets a professional degree. This may help the individual to earn higher income once he finishes college education than what he can earn currently by leaving college. 2. Marginal Analysis Decision taken on a margin Marginal analysis is a very important concept under microeconomics leading to efficient allocation of resources (McGuigan, Moyer and Harris, 2011, p.41). ‘Decision taken on a margin’ refers mainly to economic decisions. Alterations on the available amount of resources lead to such marginal decisions. It may be similar to decision making as simple as spending hours or money. Such decisions are assume to yield better output for a number of reasons. Firstly the decisions are made with full information on resources and shortages. Preferences and indifferences of an individual are also taken into account while making decisions. The involvement of analysis helps